Deep Dive: Key SAP SD Tables Every Consultant Must Know

🔹 Introduction

Whether you're a functional consultant trying to debug a blocked invoice or a technical analyst exploring data flow across modules, understanding the database structure of SAP's SD (Sales & Distribution) module is essential.

SAP's design relies on a structured data model that links every business process with its technical foundation. In this article, I break down the most critical SD-related tables - including their business purpose, key fields with descriptions, and real-life lookup scenarios - to help you connect the dots between the front-end and the back-end.

🏗️ Enterprise Structure Tables

Table	Purpose	Key Fields & Descriptions
TVKO	Sales Organizations	VKORG – Sales Org. BUKRS – Company Code
TVKOV	Distribution Channels per Sales Organization	VKORG – Sales Org. VTWEG – Dist. Channel
TVKOS	Divisions per Sales Organization	VKORG – Sales Org. SPART – Division
TVAKZ	Allowed Order Types per Sales Org.	VKORG – Sales Org. AUART – Sales Doc. Type
TVTA	Sales Areas	VKORG – Sales Org. VTWEG – Dist. Channel SPART – Division

📂 Master Data Tables

Table	Purpose	Key Fields & Descriptions
KNA1	General Data in Customer Master	KUNNR – Customer KTOKD – Account Group LAND1 – Country
KNVV	Customer Master Sales Data	KUNNR – Customer VKORG – Sales Org. KALKS – Pricing Procedure
MARA	General Material Data	MATNR – Material Number MTART – Material Type MATKL – Material Group
MVKE	Sales Data for Material	MATNR – Material Number VKORG – Sales Org. KTGRM – Acct Asgnmt Grp.

🧾 Transactional Data Tables

Table	Purpose	Key Fields & Descriptions
VBAK	Sales Document: Header Data	VBELN – Sales Doc. No AUART – Sales Doc. Type KUNNR – Sold-to Party KNUMV – Doc. Condition
VBAP	Sales Document: Item Data	POSNR – Item No MATNR – Material PSTYV – Item Category ARKTX – Description
VBEP	Sales Document: Schedule Line Data	VBELN – Sales Doc. No ETENR – Schedule Line EDATU – Delivery Date BMENG – Confirmed Qty
LIKP	SD Document: Delivery Header Data	VBELN – Delivery No LFART – Delivery Type LFDAT – Delivery Date VSTEL – Shipping Point
LIPS	SD Document: Delivery: Item Data	POSNR – Item No WERKS – Plant LGORT – Stor. Location LFIMG – Delivery Qty
VBRK	Billing Document: Header Data	VBELN – Billing Doc. No FKART – Billing Type FKDAT – Billing Date KUNRG – Payer
VBRP	Billing Document: Item Data	POSNR – Item No FKIMG – Billed Qty NETWR – Net Value MWSKZ – Tax Code

💰 Pricing & Condition Tables

Table	Purpose	Key Fields & Descriptions
KONV	Conditions (Transaction Data)	KNUMV – Doc. Condition KSCHL – Condition Type KBETR – Amount
KONP	Conditions (Item)	KNUMH – Cond. Record No KSCHL – Condition Type KBETR – Amount
A* (e.g., A004)	Material	KSCHL – Condition Type VKORG – Sales Org. MATNR – Material Number

🔄 Document Flow & Status Tables

Table	Purpose	Key Fields & Descriptions
VBFA	Sales Document Flow	VBELV – Preceding Doc. VBELN – Follow-on Doc. VBTYP_* – Doc. Categories
VBUK	Sales Document: Header Status and Administrative Data	GBSTK – Overall Status FKSTK – Billing Status LFSTK – Delivery Status
VBUP	Sales Document: Item Status	GBSTA – Overall Status FKSTA – Billing Status LFSTA – Delivery Status

📚 FI Integration Tables

Table	Purpose	Key Fields & Descriptions
BKPF	Accounting Document Header	BELNR – Doc. Number BUKRS – Company Code BUDAT – Posting Date
BSEG	Accounting Document Segment	KOART – Account Type HKONT – G/L Account WRBTR – Amount

🔎 Practical Lookup Scenarios (Real-Life SAP SD Navigation)

Here are 3 real-life scenarios that you’ll often encounter in support or data analysis — with the step-by-step table trace.

🧭 Scenario 1: From Customer to Billing Document

Goal: Start from customer number, find sales order, delivery, and billing document.

1. VBAK-KUNNR = Customer ➝ Get Sales Order (VBAK-VBELN) 

2. LIPS-VGBEL = Sales Order ➝ Get Delivery (LIPS-VBELN) 

3. VBRP-VGBEL = Delivery ➝ Get Billing Document (VBRP-VBELN)

📦 Scenario 2: From Billing Date to Full Process

Goal: Trace backwards from billing document date.

1. VBRK-FKDAT = Date ➝ Get Billing Doc (VBRK-VBELN) 

2. VBRP ➝ Get Delivery via VBRP-VGBEL 

3. LIPS ➝ Get Sales Order via LIPS-VGBEL

🧾 Scenario 3: From Sales Order to Billed Quantity

Goal: See how much quantity from an order has been billed.

1. VBRP-AUBEL = Sales Order ➝ Get Billing Doc No (VBRP-VBELN) 

2. VBRP-POSNR ➝ Get Quantity Billed (VBRP-FKIMG)

✅ Conclusion

Mastering the technical structure of SAP SD isn’t just for developers — it’s essential for any consultant aiming to troubleshoot faster, build smarter reports, or explain data flow with confidence.

These tables and fields are the backbone of every process from sales order to invoice. Save this reference guide, use it during testing and analysis, and keep sharpening your edge as an SAP professional.

Mahmut Yaka 

SAP SD Consultant

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